Computer Systems Fundamentals

System Fundamentals

Better & Reduced Risk - U.S. Boatbuilding Operations - 2019 Update.ICS - Systems Classification & Analysis

Natural Systems: Natural Ecosystems, weather patterns, biological processes that happen without the involvement of human behavior or activity. These systems have self-organization, adaptation and complex feedback loops.

Artificial Systems: System that has been designed by human beings (e.g., computers, transportation systems, manufacturing systems) These are designed for specific purposes to have specific inputs, processes, and outputs.

Computer Hardware Architecture (from Wikipedia)

Computer hardware architecture is a instructional anthropology of computer hardware, specifying a computation (with computers) structure.Computer Hardware Architecture NHL is an instruction on the in computer hardware architecture, or the specification of a computation (with computers) structure.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer that resists instructions and performs calculations and coordinates all the activities of the computer. Modern CPUs are composed with billions of transistors that are operating at gigahertz speeds.

Microprocessors: Integrated circuits that have CPU, cache memory and the control units as a single chip. Some examples would be Intel Core series and AMD Ryzen processors.

Component	Function	Major Characteristics
CPU	Execute instructions & calculations	Clock speed (GHz), CPU cores, CPU caching
RAM	Temporary data storage	Volatile, fast access, GB
Storage	Permanent retention of data	Non-volatile, HDD/SSD, Cap. Storage capacity in TB
GPU	Graphics & parallel processing	Special cores, VRAM, rendering

System Integration: Grasping all the ways in which components are able to communicate with each other over buses, interfaces, and protocols and creating a coherent Computing environment.

Performance Metrics: Analyzing system performance in terms of benchmarks, bottleneck in the system, and optimization strategies.

Architecture Evolution Tracing the evolution of architecture from single-core to multi-core to parallel processing to new technologies such as quantum computing.

Software and Programming

Software Classification & Hierarchy Graphically - 99% of the software that has evolved over the past 70 years or so falls into this group, including all computers, operating systems, applications, servers, mobile devices, and even electronic devices.Software Classification & Hierarchy Graphically - 99% of the software that has evolved over the past 70 years or so falls into this group, including all computers, operating systems, applications, servers, mobile devices, and even electronic devices.

System Software: Low level programs operating system for hardware resource management and platform for other software. Includes operating systems (Windows-mac to Linux), device drivers, firmware, and utilities.

Application Software: User-facing programs that are made up for certain tasks, such as word processing, web browsing, gaming or business applications. Built on that of system software.

Software Type	Examples	Major Function	User Interaction
Operating System	Windows 11, Macintosh, Ubuntu	Resource management, security	Indirect (through GUI/CLI)
Device Drivers	Graphics, printer, network drivers	Hardware communication	Transparent to user
Productivity Apps	Microsoft Office, Adobe creative Software	Task-specific functionality	3. Direct user interface
System Utilities	Antivirus, disk clean, backup	System maintenance	User initiated

Examples for: Apache 2 fueron vulneradas con Apply Encrypt a Aviinyot auditing personally, file or all variables.Examples Programming Language Spectrum: Apache 2 fueron vulneradas con Apply Encrypt a Aviinyot auditing personally, file or all variables.

Language Level	Abstraction	Performance	Speed of Development	Use Cases
Machine Code	None (binary)	Maximum	Very slow	Embedded systems, firmware
Assembly	Minimal	Very high	Slow	Device drivers, optimization
C/C++	Moderate	High	Moderate	System software, games
Python/Java	High	Moderate	Fast	Web apps Data science

Compilation vs Interpretation: Grasping the mechanism behind converting the source code to executable code using compilers (C++, Java) and interpreters (Python, JavaScript).

Software Development Lifecycle: Phase wise planned design, coding, testing, deployment and maintenance of creating robust software solutions.

Programming Paradigms: Object-oriented, functional, procedural and event-driven programming approaches and their correct applications.

Memory Management: How various languages manage memory allocation, garbage collection, and other optimization of resources.

Communications and Networking of Data

Network Communication Fundamentals - Physically Island - Physically isolated

Data Communication: Transmission of digital information from one device to another using one of several different media (cables, wireless, fiber optic). Involves encoding, transmission and decoding of data packets.

Network Topology: Any physical and logical configuration of the network elements. Common types available include star, mesh, ring, and bus topologies, and have very specific advantages and uses.

(infrastructure such as routers, switches, firewalls, modems, servers, etc.),

Routers: Layer 3 devices that are used to pass data between different networks which uses IP addresses. They decide the optimal route in which data should be sent, and they attach LANs to WANs.

Switches-A layer 2 device that connects devices on the same network section. They are able to learn MAC addresses and efficiently forward frames in a local network.

Access Points: Uses the wireless connectivity, expanding wired networks to wireless personal devices with standards (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax).

Device	OSI Layer	Main Purpose (function)	Address Method
Hub	Physical (1)	Signal is amplified	None (broadcast)
Switch	Data Link (2)	Frame forwarding	MAC addresses
Router	Network (3)	Packet routing لهمobox	ip addresses
Gateway	Application (7)	Protocol translation	Application specific

Remind your students of how the transmission occurs and the programs involved; feedbackPass to your students how the transmission methods and protocols are

Copper cables - Ethernet, fiber optic cables - high-speed, long-distance, and wireless - radio frequencies, microwaves, infrared.

TCP/IP suite is the basis of the internet. Quantity and Qualities one-to-one with; Quality لیا کے قُyon หletzt (%ώνомо,T Trusted Tv). SSH for protecting information, secure for privacy, TLS for default malicious.

Protocol	Layer	Purpose	Port
HTTP/HTTPS	Application	Web page transfer	80/443
FTP	Application	File transfer	21
TCP	Transport	Reliable data delivery	Various
IP	Network	Packet routing	N/A

Network Security: Knowledge of firewalls, VPNs, encryption methods and security protocols that are used in the protection of data transmission and network infrastructure.

Quality of Service (QoS): Control of the bandwidth distribution, traffic priority and optimization of the network quality of different applications.

Network Troubleshooting: The utilization of diagnostic tools (ping, traceroute, network analysers etc) to identify and solve network connectivity problems.

Emerging Technologies: Cloud networking, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Internet of Things (IoT), and edge computing architectures are some of the emerging technologies.